Ian & Stuart's Australian Mac 1993 September/clonecd/September 93.img/Archives/Personal/Minaret-13/Minaret.doc

Text File | 1989-09-29 | 13KB | 282 lines

                        M I N A R E T
                        -------------

This Macintosh program computes Islamic prayer schedules, the
direction of the Qibla, and various data related to the Hijri
calendar.

You may freely give copies of this program to others.  Please give
only unmodified copies to others, and include this documentation
with the program.  If you decide to keep the program for yourself,
please send $10 to:

              Kamal Abdali
              P.O. Box 65207
              Washington, DC 20035
              USA.


The Place menu
--------------

This is the first menu you should look at.  Minaret contains a
built-in gazetteer with geographical information about 170 cities
initially.  At any time, one of these is the Current Location for
which all computations are done.  To specify any location as the
Current Location, click on the "Select location" item in the Place
menu.  A large window will appear in which the list at left is the
Gazetteer.  As you scroll through this list and click on various
location names, the stored data about them appears in the boxes at
right.  If your desired location is in the Gazetteer, select it,
then press "Make it Current Location".  All subsequent
computations will be done for that city, even when you exit and
relaunch Minaret.

You can edit the Gazetteer to add and delete locations, and to
modify information about existing locations.  By editing the boxes
and setting radio buttons at right, you can supply the
geographical data about the cities you wish to add.  You will need
to know the latitude, longitude, zone time relative to Greenwich,
and whether or not the place observes Daylight Savings Time.
After filling in the information for each city, press "Update/add
this location".  To delete a location, select it in the Gazetteer,
then press "Remove this location".  Only 200 cities are allowed in
the Gazetteer, so you may need to delete some locations to make
room for others.  You can find out how many cities are already in
the Gazetteer by selecting the "Gazetteer size" item.

Note: Editing the Gazetteer doesn't change the current location.
If you want to do computations for a city not in the Gazetteer,
first edit the Gazetteer to add that city, then make the city the
Current Location.

The changes made to the Gazetteer by editing it accumulate from
session to session.  To revert to the original Gazetteer supplied
with the program, use the the menu item "Restore factory-set
gazetteer".  You may like to do this before any other computation
in case your copy of Minaret is not an original distribution from
the author, and you're not sure of the validity of the stored
data.

Note: At the time of quitting a Minaret session in which you've
edited the Gazetteer, you have the option of saving or discarding
the changes you've made within that session.  Should you respond
"Discard", the Gazetteer remains unchanged for that session.  On
the other hand, "Restore factory-set gazetteer" throws away the
changes accumulated through all the previous sessions in which the
Gazetteer was edited.


The Prayer Hours menu
---------------------

Select "Prayer hours for today" or "Prayer hours for another day"
to get the five prayer hours plus the time of sunrise.  (Be sure
to first set your location using the Place menu.)  For the latter
selection, Minaret will first present you a dialog box in which
you should fill in the date for which the prayer hours are
desired.  (Click on "OK" after filling in the date.)  If you hear
a beep at this point, then you have typed either an illegal date
or a date outside the period 1901--2100 A.D.

Select "Prayer hours for a month" or "Prayer hours for a year" to
display a table of prayer hours in a text window.  Minaret will
first present you a dialog box in which you should fill in the
month or the year for which the schedule is desired.  For a
"perpetual" schedule for a year, type "0" (zero) for the year.
Perpetual schedules are further discussed below.

You can print the contents of the text window in front by
selecting "Print" from the File menu.  By using the "Save" or
"Save as" item from the File menu, you can save into a file the
contents of the text window in front, for possible reformatting
with a word processor.  If you use MacWrite for printing a
schedule, then set the font to Monaco (or some other monospaced
font) before opening the file.  This will keep the tabular columns
neatly aligned.

The printout of the results from the menu selections "Prayer
schedule for a month" and "Prayer schedule for a year" contain a
single month's schedule per page.  If you have access to the
text-formatting system TeX (developed by Professor Knuth of
Stanford University), then you can print a much prettier prayer
schedule for a year by running TeX on a file generated by Minaret.
This schedule comes out on three pages, four months per page.  For
this, first select "TeX input for prayer hours for a year" from
the Prayer menu, and fill in the year (or 0 for a perpetual
schedule).  Minaret will generate TeX code for the schedule, and
display it in a new window.  Then select "Save As" from the File
menu, choose an appropriate drive and folder, and type a suitable
document name (for example, "schedule.tex") to save the window
contents.  You have now captured the TeX input which you can later
process according to the instructions specific to your TeX system.

Since prayer hours depend upon the sun's position, it is more
practical to tabulate the Islamic prayer schedule according to the
dates in the Western, solar calendar.  For a fixed location,
prayer times for any particular date in the Western calendar vary
very little from year to year, and for all practical purposes
repeat themselves in four year cycles.  (Find this out for
yourself by computing prayer hours for the same dates in different
years.)  If you want to print annual prayer schedules, I strongly
recommend using zero for the year.  This doesn't mean the year
zero B.C. or A.D., but is a special value to cause Minaret to
print a perpetual calendar in which the times are essentially the
average of the four years of a cycle.  It is silly to print a new
calendar every year, since the yearly variation is seldom more
than two minutes.

If, according to the gazetteer, the Current Location observes
Daylight Saving Time, then Minaret adds one hour to all times
computed for the dates between the first Sunday of April and the
last Saturday of October (inclusive).  If the year is zero (that
is, if a perpetual schedule is desired), then the adjustment is
made throughout the period from April to October.

Islamic prayer times are computed from their well-known
astronomical  definitions.  (See, for example, the appendices A
and B in "Prayer Schedules for North America", American Trust
Publications, Indianapolis, Indiana, 1978.)  Under certain
conditions (for example, on certain summer dates at very high
latitudes), the traditional astronomical definitions do not work,
and the equations defining prayer times do not have solutions.
Minaret prints "??" when it cannot compute a  prayer time.  (See
also the description of Method menu below.)


The Qibla menu
--------------

Select "Angle from North" to find the direction of the Qibla.  (Be
sure to first set your location using the Place menu.)   The angle
is given from the geographical, not magnetic, North.  Since it is
not always easy to accurately either determine North or measure
angles, the shadow method described below is generally a better
way to determine the Qibla.

"Shadow diagram for a day" lets you determine the Qibla by
observing shadows, without having to know the North direction.
You get a diagram which shows the directions in which the shadow
of a vertical object points at certain times of the day.  One of
the lines in the diagram is marked with a Q.  This is the
direction of the Qibla.  The times have been so computed that the
angle between the Qibla and the shadow is a multiple of 45
degrees, quite easy to measure.  (If there is a time on the line
marked Q, then the Qibla is exactly in the same direction as the
shadow at that time, and you don't have to measure any angle.)
Experiment with this menu using different dates to see the
relation between the Qibla and the shadow.  Summer dates give you
more opportunities to determine the Qibla using the shadow method.

Select "Shadow chart for a month" or "Shadow chart for a year" to
display tables of the shadow information in a text window.  See
remarks under the Prayer menu for printing and saving the contents
of the window.

Note:  The computed value of the qibla is not meaningful for
locations very close to the Ka'aba (or its antipode in the Pacific
Ocean), e.g., for the city of Makkah.


The Calendar menu
-----------------

Select "Date conversion" to convert Hijri dates into Western ones,
and vice versa.  Minaret will accept as input any date starting
from Muharram 1, 1 A.H. (July 16, 622 A.D.), but will beep at any
illegal or earlier date.  The conversion is approximate, based on
the optimistic assumption that the lunar crescent would become
visible 18 hours after the astronomical new moon phase.

Select "New moon phase" to get the time of the astronomical new
moon phase just preceding the start of any Hijri month.  Minaret
computes the time of this phenomenon with an accuracy of about
three minutes, and displays it both as the Greenwich Mean Time and
as the Zone time for the Current Location.  Remember that the moon
is invisible at the astronomical new moon phase, and the formation
of the visible lunar crescent takes anywhere from about 18 to
about 42 hours.  Although a few younger sightings of the moon have
been reported, they are extremely rare, and would be possible only
under certain special circumstances.

Select "Moon's age" to determine the age of moon at any desired
time on any date in the period 1901--2100 A.D.  To predict whether
the lunar crescent will be visible on a certain evening, you can
find the time of sunset on that date by selecting "Prayer schedule
for another day" in the Prayer hours menu, then find the moon's
age at that time by selecting "Moon's age" in the Calendar menu.
If the age turns out to be less than 18 hours, then it is quite
unlikely that the crescent will be visible that evening.  Of
course, the first visibility of the crescent depends on several
other factors too.

The Method menu
---------------

There are some variations in the methods people use to compute
certain prayer times.  This menu lets you select the methods
according to your preference.

The "shadow ratio" for a vertical object at any time is defined to
be the quantity:

  (the length of shadow at the given time — the "residual" shadow
  of the object at noon) / (the object height).

The shadow ratio at asr time is taken to be 2 by the Hanafi
school, 1 by others.  For fajr and isha, the time is usually
determined by the Sun's angle of depression below the horizon.
If this value is taken to be 18 degrees, then fajr coincides with
the astronomical twilight.  This seems OK for temperate latitudes.
But at higher latitudes, say above 42 degrees, the resulting times
for fajr and isha are too inconvenient (fajr too early, and isha
too late).  ISNA schedules are computed by taking this angle as 15
degrees.

At latitudes higher than 50 degrees, such as for cities in
Northern Europe, it is impossible on certain dates to determine
fajr and isha times by taking the value of the sun's depression to
be 18 (or even 15) degrees.  This is so because on those dates the
sun doesn't descend sufficiently below the horizon.  So people in
some of those cities compute the fajr and isha times to be at 90
minutes from sunrise/sunset.  For latitudes above 66 1/2 degrees,
of course, even sunrise and sunset are not always defined.


The File Menu
-------------

Use this menu to open, save, and print the monthly or yearly
prayer schedules and qibla charts computed by Minaret.  When text
files are printed using "Print" in this menu, the RETURN (ascii
13) and FORMFEED (ascii 12) characters will cause line skip and
page eject, respectively.  The File menu is intended only for use
with the text files generated by Minaret.  In particular, it will
not work on non-text files, large text files (more than 32K
characters), or text files with very long lines.


Any Comments?
--------------

Please send your comments, suggestions, and bug reports to the
author at the address given above.  They will be greatly
appreciated.  Please include your address in any correspondence.